2nd century BCE–14th century AD: Early history Hoa people

according old vietnamese historical records Đại việt sử ký toàn thư , khâm định việt sử thông giám cương mục ( 欽定越史通鑑綱目 ), dương vương (thục phán) prince of chinese state of shu (蜀, shares same chinese character surname thục), sent father first explore southern chinese provinces of guangxi , yunnan , second move people modern-day northern vietnam during invasion of qin dynasty.

some modern vietnamese believe thục phán came upon Âu việt territory (modern-day northernmost vietnam, western guangdong, , southern guangxi province, capital in today cao bằng province). after assembling army, defeated king hùng vương xviii, last ruler of hồng bàng dynasty, around 257 bce. proclaimed himself dương vương ( king dương ). renamed newly acquired state văn lang Âu lạc , established new capital @ phong khê in present-day phú thọ town in northern vietnam, tried build cổ loa citadel, spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of new capital.

han chinese migration vietnam dates 2nd century bce when chinese emperor qin shi huang first placed tonkin under qin rule, influx of qin chinese soldiers , fugitives central china settled en masse tonkin time onwards, , introduced chinese influences ancient viet people. chinese military leader zhao tuo founded trieu dynasty ruled nanyue in southern china , northern vietnam. qin governor of canton advisted zhao found own independent kingdom since area remote , there many chinese settlers in area. century later, powerful han dynasty conquered , annexed nanyue han empire , ruled province of china next several hundred years. after conquest of nanyue in 111 bc, yue inhabitants gradually displaced poorer land on hills or mountains han empire established 9 new commanderies administer former nanyue territories. han control proceeded expand further southwestward military means after conquest. sinification of nanyue brought combination of han imperial military power, regular settlement , influx of han chinese refugees, merchants, scholars, bureaucrats, fugitives, , prisoners of war. conquest made possible extend han empire s power projection , maritime influence further develop trade relations various kingdoms in southeast asia. chinese prefect of jiaozhi shi xie ruled vietnam autonomous warlord , posthumously deified later vietnamese emperors. shi xie leader of elite ruling class of han chinese families immigrated vietnam , played major role in developing vietnam s culture. many chinese fled vietnamese part of red river valley shaanxi , shanxi provinces during tumult occurred during transition western eastern jin dynasty, when northern china plunged anarchy. chinese rulers encouraged immigration of han chinese tonkin, , implemented policy of systematic assimilation ancient viet people. policy continually enforced on next 1,000 years of chinese rule of vietnam until ngô dynasty when vietnamese regained independence china. vietnamese emperors deported 87,000 chinese nationals, although large minority applied permanent residency in vietnam. chinese chose remain in vietnam adopted vietnamese customs , culture. vietnamese women wedded new chinese gentry migrants. revolt against china mounted ly bon of chinese descent.

the founder of lý dynasty, emperor lý bôn, rebelled against liang dynasty came family of chinese descent, ancestors of family chinese fled vietnam wang mang s seizure of power during interregnum between western , eastern han dynasties.

sporadic chinese migration vietnam continued between 9th 15th century ad. vietnamese court during lý dynasty , trần dynasty welcomed ethnic chinese scholars , officials fill administrative , bureaucratic ranks, these migrants had renounce chinese nationality , assimilate vietnamese society. vietnamese court allowed chinese refugees, consisted of civilian , military officials family members seek asylum in vietnam. however, these chinese settlers not allowed change place of residence without court s permission, , required adopt vietnamese dress , culture. during lê dynasty chinese captured in 995 after vietnamese raided border. during lý dynasty vietnam raided song dynasty china enslave chinese, forced serve in vietnamese army soldiers. in 1050 cham dedicated chinese slaves goddess lady po nagar @ po nagar temple complex, along thai, khmer, , burmese slaves. has been speculated professor kenneth hall these slaves war captives taken cham port of panduranga after cham conquered port , enslaved of inhabitants, including foreigners living there. in south, daoyi zhilue mentioned chinese merchants went cham ports in champa, married cham women, whom regularly returned after trading voyages. 1 notable example of such intermarriages chinese merchant quanzhou, wang yuanmao, in 12th century traded extensively champa, , married cham princess. chinese prisoners returned china captured districts in 1078 after china defeated Đại việt , overran several of cao bằng province s districts.

the founder of lý dynasty, lý thái tổ (lý công uẩn) 李公蘊 has been ascribed of having origins fujian province somewhere in paternal bloodline while little known maternal side except fact mother woman named phạm thị. few direct details parents known, however, ethnic chinese background of lý công uẩn, @ least on paternal side has been accepted vietnamese historian trần quốc vượng.

the ancestors of trần clan originated province of fujian before migrated under trần kinh (陳京, chén jīng) Đại việt, mixed-blooded descendants established trần dynasty ruled Đại việt. descendants of trần clan came rule Đại việt of mixed-blooded descent due many intermarriages between trần , several royal members of lý dynasty alongside members of royal court in case of trần lý , trần thừa, latter son trần thái tông later become first emperor of trần dynasty. descendants established tran dynasty, ruled vietnam (dai viet). of mixed-blooded descendants , members of clan still speak chinese, when yuan dynasty envoy met chinese-speaking tran prince trần quốc tuấn in 1282. first of trần clan live in Đại việt trần kinh, settled in tức mặc village (now mỹ lộc, nam Định) lived fishing.

people song dynasty china zhao zhong , xu zongdao fled tran dynasty ruled vietnam after mongol invasion of song. ancestor of tran, trần kinh had originated present day fujian province of china did daoist cleric xu zongdao recorded mongol invasion , referred them northern bandits .

a vietnamese woman , chinese man parents of phạm nhan (nguyễn bá linh). fought against tran yuan dynasty. dong trieu mother s place.

fujian origin of ethnic chinese tran migrated vietnam along large amount of other chinese during ly dynasty served officials. distinctly chinese last names found in tran , ly dynasty imperial exam records. ethnic chinese recorded in tran , ly dynasty records of officials. clothing, food, , language chinese dominated in van don tran had moved after leaving home province of fujian. chinese language still spoken tran in vietnam. ocean side area of vietnam colonized chinese migrants fujian included tran among them located capital s southeastern area. red river delta subjected migration fujian including tran , van don port arose result of interaction. guangdong , fujian chinese moved halong located van don coastal port during ly anh tong s rule in order engage in commerce. usurpation of ly occurred after married fishing fujianese tran family.

china s province of zhejiang around 940s origin of chinese hồ/hú family hồ dynasty founder emperor hồ quý ly came from.

the vietnamese elites descended mixed marriages between chinese , vietnamese viewed other non vietnamese people beneath them , inferior due chinese influence.

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