History Huamantla

1 history

1.1 pre hispanic period
1.2 colonial period
1.3 independence 21st century

history

the name comes various nahuatl words (cuahuitl (tree), man (next or in line) , tla (abundance)), interpreted place of aligned trees.

pre hispanic period

portion of huamantla codex

the first settlement in huamantla area south of current city. became 1 of thirteen villages formed political union lasted 1800 1200bce , @ height had population of 3,500 inhabitants. village near huamantla extended on area of between 3 , 5 hectares. next regional center of power in settlement archeological site called los cerritos de natividad, east of huamantla, influence extended on fourteen communities. era distinguished building of pyramid , planned urban centers.

this followed texoloc era, center of power @ tlalencaleca between 800 , 600 bce. architecture included talud-tablero pyramids , ceramics show influence west of mexico , gulf coast. following tezoquipan era considered cultural , technological apex of region reflected water system, architecture , trade connections. era extended 350 bce 100 ce, , @ height included 297 settlements, fourteen of major cities. huamantla 3 of these settlements, pyramids , planned layouts centered on plaza.

the decline of area called tenanyecac phase, lasts 100-650ce. decline due rise of teotihuacan , cholula. people migrated away tlaxcala area , zone became tributary provinces of 2 powers. teotihuacan established trade corridor through huamantla connect points east , south, no major settlements.

sometime after this, between 650 , 900ce, there began otomi migration huamantla valley , other parts of tlaxcala in various waves. there evidence of olmeca-xicalanca , tlaxco influence, rise of cacaxtla. fall of teotihuacan allowed local control of trade corridor. however, until colonial period, major cultural force otomi. of history known huamantla codex, largest document of kind , 1 of few document history of otomi people. in 9 fragments, 7 @ national library of anthropology , history in mexico city , 2 in germany @ berlin state library . central story of codex battle between newly arrived otomis against established , aligned tlaxco @ atlangatepec. victory went newcomers, allowing them passage , settlement near malinche volcano, called tecoac dominion. these tecoac otomi still political force when spanish arrived. document commissioned shortly after conquest, possibly franciscans church , monastery of huamantla represented.

the last indigenous consolidation of power in huamantla creation of tlaxcallan dominion, state gets name. chichimeca political union formed around 1100 ce, pushed out olmeca-xilcalancas , divided territory 4 interdependent dominions. otomi immigration still continued area after this, after fall of tula in 1168. huamantla belonged dominion of tecoac, 1 of 4 made tlaxcallan kingdom. area first have contact cortés , army made incursion here in 1519 attacked, otomi vassals. first time spanish used advanced weaponry , dispersed native soldiers.

colonial period

tlaxcala’s role in conquest of mexico allowed indigenous authorities maintain number of privileges spanish settlers. in 1528, indigenous delegation went spain , 1 of tasks solicit permission found settlement of huamantla, name of san luis cuahmanco successor tzatlán, 1 of indigenous power centers. permission granted in 1535, antonio de mendoza ignored royal seal , assigned lands here alonso muñoz camargo, francisco luca garcía, eugenio leal chocolatzin, diego guevara , juan de aquino in center of new town founders , outlying lands forty other families between 1539 , 1543. following monarch phillip ii disavowed order. prompted cabildo de indios (indian council) send ambassador spain, lienzo de tlaxcala remind crown of obligations.

evangelization of area done franciscans starting in 1524. order began construction of san luis obispo monastery in 1567 friar pedro meléndez. completed in 1585 , replaced ceremonial center of tizatlan area’s major religious center. followed establishment of school , eleven hermitages , churches around city still found in neighborhoods of el calvario, la trinidad, la santa cruz, san miguel, san juan, san francisco, san sebastián, santa ana, san antonio, la caridad , san diego. huamantla became regional center eastern tlaxcala agricultural economy converted valley forest farmland end of 16th century producing corn, wheat, sheep , more. spanish incursion here due buying of land indigenous authorities, labor supply on these spanish depended controlled cabildo de indios in city of tlaxcala. reason, spanish in huamantla petitioned colonial authorities divide province, separating huamantla city of tlaxcala. however, in 1654, viceroy duke of albuquerque denied petition. despite this, spanish landholdings continued rise.

another tactic spanish move control of parish churches franciscan monks regular clergy under control of bishop of puebla in mid 17th century. opposed franciscans , caused instability regular priests did not speak otomi , did not comply promises protect indigenous against spanish abuses. appropriated belongings of indigenous brotherhoods.

despite setbacks, indigenous authorities managed maintain more influence here in other parts of new spain in keeping spanish landholders in check. allowed cabildo in tlaxcala demand more influence on local authorities in huamantla , led direct election of mayor local, indigenous, population in 1741.

a second attempt separate huamantla city of tlaxcala occurred in second half of 18th century, unsuccessful. however, during time, population became less indigenous in more influx of spanish , criollos, lessening influence of cabildo de indios. haciendas of area consolidated. of huamantla tended smaller more productive because of wetter climate , better soils.

in 1785, colonial authorities integrated tlaxcala part of province of puebla, reversed in 1793. @ time, tlaxcala reorganized 7 “cuarteles,” 1 of being huamantla, included cuapiaxtla, san juan ixtenco, san nicolás terrenate , san pablo zitlaltepec along city.

independence 21st century

view of huamantla san lucas bridge (1877) casimiro castro

in 1810, of indigenous population of state supported movement of miguel hidalgo y costilla, territory surrounded royalist puebla, attempts participate in mexican war of independence stifled. however, there small insurrections in huamantla tlaxco , calpulalpan. in 1821, near end of war, tlaxcalan authorities openly supported plan de iguala .

huamantla gained municipality status in 1822, shortly after, there effort unite tlaxcala puebla. efforts keep tlaxcala independent state led parish priest of huamantla, miguel valentín, prevailed due opposition empire model , in favor of federal republic. state proclaimed in 1846 reorganized 3 divisions, tlaxcala, tlaxco , huamantla. in 1847 city acquired title of “heroic” because of participation in efforts against invasion during mexican american war .

during reform war, huamantla capital of tlaxcala briefly moved huamantla conservative forces in 1858 , city taken french in 1863. capital moved city of tlaxcala after ouster of french. during rest of century city grew construction of railroad, allowed haciendas have access markets in mexico city states of puebla, hidalgo , veracruz. haciendas grew in number, size , power 20th century, takingover lands had been communal , unilaterally restricting water supply city.

as in rest of mexico, discontent porfirio díaz regime grew haciendas required employees work 4am 7pm , paid them in coupons @ hacienda store. @ first sign of rebellion during mexican revolution, porfirian governor of tlaxcala dispatched troops huamantla , other places , able suppress efforts such juan cuamatzi, executed on february 26, 1911. after mayor of huamantla along others resigned position. later, san diego del pinar hacienda in municipality attacked zapatistas in 1913 , later same year rebels fleeing federal army. second attacked repelled hacienda. in same year first revolutionary troops took control of city.

after revolution ended, huamantla grew again adding commerce , industry economy. in 1940s, first modern factories built, making powdered milk , cream, cookies pork cold cuts, fertilizer , mole. these followed various others producing clothing , other textiles.

telephone service established in 1932. media channels established such newspapers , radio station xeht, still operates. first flights city occurred in 1953.

the city has since grown include sprawling suburbs. in 2007, city named “pueblo mágico” mexican government’s tourism secretariat, in part because of celebrations virgin of charity , huamantlada in august. achieve designation, renovated of downtown, parque juárez.