Innovations List of Indian inventions and discoveries

1 innovations

1.1 computer science , programming
1.2 linguistics
1.3 metrology

innovations

iron working: iron works developed in india, around same time as, independently of, anatolia , caucasus. archaeological sites in india, such malhar, dadupur, raja nala ka tila , lahuradewa in present-day uttar pradesh show iron implements in period between 1800 bce—1200 bce. iron objects found in india can dated 1400 bce employing method of radiocarbon dating. spikes, knives, daggers, arrow-heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings etc. ranging 600 bce 200 bce have been discovered several archaeological sites of india. scholars believe 13th century bc, iron smelting practiced on bigger scale in india, suggesting date technology s inception may placed earlier. in southern india (present day mysore) iron appeared 11th 12th centuries bc; these developments significant close contact northwest of country. in time of chandragupta ii vikramaditya (375–413 ce), corrosion-resistant iron used erect iron pillar of delhi, has withstood corrosion on 1,600 years.

computer science , programming

simputer:the simputer (acronym simple, inexpensive , multilingual people s computer ) self-contained, open hardware handheld computer, designed use in environments computing devices such personal computers deemed inconveniant. developed in 1999 7 scientists of indian institute of science, bangalore, led dr. swami manohar in collaboration encore india, company based inbangalore. envisaged bring internet masses of india, simputer , derivatives today utilized governments of several indian states part of e-governance drive, indian army, other public , private organizations.
backus-naur form:in computer science, backus–naur form or backus normal form (bnf) or panini backus form notation technique context-free grammars, used describe syntax of languages used in computing, such computer programming languages, document formats, instruction sets , communication protocols. applied wherever exact descriptions of languages needed: instance, in official language specifications, in manuals, , in textbooks on programming language theory.the idea of describing structure of language using rewriting rules can traced @ least work of pāṇini (who lived sometime between 7th , 4th century bce). name pāṇini backus form has been suggested in view of fact expansion backus normal form may not accurate, , pāṇini had independently developed similar notation earlier. notation describe sanskrit word structure notation equivalent in power of backus , has many similar properties.

linguistics

formal grammar:panini in treatise,astadyayi gives formal production rules , definitions describe formal grammar of sanskrit. in formal language theory, grammar (when context not given, called formal grammar clarity) set of production rules strings in formal language. rules describe how form strings language s alphabet valid according language s syntax. grammar not describe meaning of strings or can done them in whatever context—only form.
same language subtitling:same language subtitling (sls) refers idea of subtitling in same language audio, converse original idea of subtitling, present different language.this idea struck upon brij kothari, believed sls makes reading practice incidental, automatic,and subconscious part of popular tv entertainment, @ low per-person cost shore literacy rates in india. idea received government of india uses sls on several national channels.for idea, kothari adjudged winner @ development marketplace— world bank’s innovation award gave him enough funds implement programme nationally.the sls innovation has been recognised institute social inventions, uk , tech museum of innovations, san jose, usa , recipient of international literacy prize library of congress (washington, d.c.) , awards children reading grand challenge (usaid), tech museum of innovation (san jose), institute social inventions (london) , nassom foundation.

metrology

standardization:the oldest applications , evidence of standardisation come indus valley civilization in 5th millennium bc characterised existence of weights in various standards , categories indus merchants usage of centralised weight , measure system. small weights used measure luxury goods, , larger weights used buying bulkier items, such food grains etc. weights , measures of indus civilisation reached persia , central asia, further modified.
technical standards:technical standards being applied , used in indus valley civilization since 5th millennium bc enable gauging devices used in angular measurement , measurement in construction. uniform units of length used in planning , construction of towns such lothal, surkotada, kalibangan, dholavira, harappa, , mohenjo-daro. weights , measures of indus civilisation reached persia , central asia, further modified. shigeo iwata describes excavated weights unearthed indus civilisation:

a total of 558 weights excavated mohenjodaro, harappa, , chanhu-daro, not including defective weights. did not find statistically significant differences between weights excavated 5 different layers, each 1.5 m in thickness. evidence strong control existed @ least 500-year period. 13.7-g weight seems 1 of units used in indus valley. notation based on binary , decimal systems. 83% of weights excavated above 3 cities cubic, , 68% made of chert.