Examples Jussive mood

1 examples

1.1 german
1.2 latin
1.3 russian
1.4 esperanto
1.5 arabic

examples
german

in german language, jussive mood expressed using present subjunctive (named konjunktiv or möglichkeitsform in german). typical of formal documents or religious texts, such bible. because more common in past centuries, has survived in proverbs:

it still common recipes written in jussive mood:

apart that, jussive mood still quite common in contemporary german. however, pronouns he, she, , might not used directly; otherwise jussive mistaken dated form of courteous imperative. instead, have replaced , , , new colleague , on:

finally example jussive have served courteous imperative when addressing people of lower, not lowest, rank:

note er written in capital letters here. if construction not used anymore in common german, recognized being imperative (german wikipedia lists example sei er nicht streng! historic form of imperative).

latin

in latin language, present subjunctive can convey jussive meaning in third person (jussive subjunctive or coniunctivus iussivus):

adiuvet ( let him help. )
veniant ( let them come. )

a jussive use of present subjunctive attested second person in sayings , poetry, in latin.

iniurias fortunae [...] relinquas ( leave behind [...] wrongs of fortune , saying cicero s tusculanae disputationes)
doceas iter ( show way , poetry virgil s aeneid)

russian

the jussive mood in modern russian serves imperative (for issuing orders, commanding or requesting), covers third person instead of second person. formed particle пусть, derived verb пускать (to let, allow).

imperative: Беги! (run!)
jussive: Пусть бежит (similar let him run)

esperanto

the jussive mood, called volitive in esperanto, used wishing , requesting, , serves imperative. covers of uses of subjunctive in european languages:

iru! (go!)
mi petis, ke li venu. (i asked him come.)
li parolu. (let him speak.)
ni iru. (let s go.)
benu ĉi tiun domaĉon. (bless mess.)
mia filino belu! (may daughter beautiful!)

arabic

classical , standard arabic verbs conjugate @ least 3 distinct moods in imperfect: indicative, subjunctive , jussive. in dialects, these moods not morphologically marked.

the jussive used after preposition li- express command third person.

ليفعله
li-yaf‘al-hu
to-do.jus.3sg.masc-it
let him it.

a further use of mood in negative commands.

لا تأخذ ذلك اللحم
lā ta’xudh dhālika l-laḥm
not take.jus.2sg.masc the-meat
don t take meat.

the jussive form used in past tense sentences negated lam (but not mā).

لم تأكل الدجاج
lam ta’kuli d-dajāj
not.past eat.jus.3sg.fem the-chicken
didn t eat chicken.




^ hanslik, rudolf; et al. (1950). lateinische grammatik (in german). vienna: hölder-pichler-tempsky. 
^ allen , greenough s new latin grammar schools , colleges. ginn , company. 1903.