Global expansion History of tea

1 global expansion

1.1 portugal , italy
1.2 greece , cyprus
1.3 india
1.4 iran
1.5 taiwan
1.6 thailand
1.7 turkey
1.8 united kingdom
1.9 united states
1.10 canada
1.11 australia
1.12 sri lanka
1.13 africa , south america

global expansion

a conical urn-shaped silver-plated samovar used boiling water tea in russia , middle eastern countries

the earliest record of tea in more occidental writing said found in statement of arabian traveler, after year 879 main sources of revenue in canton duties on salt , tea. marco polo records deposition of chinese minister of finance in 1285 arbitrary augmentation of tea taxes. travelers giovanni batista ramusio (1559), l. almeida (1576), maffei (1588), , teixeira (1610) mentioned tea. in 1557, portugal established trading port in macau , word of chinese drink chá spread quickly, there no mention of them bringing samples home. in 17th century, ship of dutch east india company brought first green tea leaves amsterdam china. tea known in france 1636. enjoyed brief period of popularity in paris around 1648. history of tea in russia can traced seventeenth century. tea first offered china gift czar michael in 1618. russian ambassador tried drink; did not care , rejected offer, delaying tea s russian introduction fifty years. in 1689, tea regularly imported china russia via caravan of hundreds of camels traveling year-long journey, making precious commodity @ time. tea appearing in german apothecaries 1657 never gained esteem except in coastal areas such ostfriesland. tea first appeared publicly in england during 1650s, introduced through coffeehouses. there introduced british colonies in america , elsewhere.

portugal , italy

tea first introduced europe italian traveler giovanni battista ramusio, in 1555 published voyages , travels, containing first european reference tea, calls chai catai ; accounts based on second-hand reports.

portuguese priests , merchants in 16th century made first contact tea in china, @ time termed chá. first portuguese ships reached china in 1516, , in 1560 portuguese missionary gaspar da cruz published first portuguese account of chinese tea; in 1565 italian missionary louis almeida published first european account of tea in japan.

greece , cyprus

throughout greece , cyprus greek tea (greek τσάι or tsai) made cinnamon , cloves.

india

a view of tea plantations in munnar, kerala, india



tea garden in assam, india

commercial production of tea first introduced india british, in attempt break chinese monopoly on tea. british, using chinese seeds, plus chinese planting , cultivating techniques, launched tea industry offering land in assam european agreed cultivate tea export. tea consumed anglicized indians, not until 1950s tea grew popular in india through successful advertising campaign india tea board.

prior british, plant may have been used medicinal purposes. cite sanjeevani tea plant first recorded reference of tea use in india. however, scientific studies have shown sanjeevani plant in fact different plant , not related tea. singpho tribe , khamti tribe validate have been consuming tea since 12th century. however, commercial production of tea in india did not begin until arrival of british east india company, @ point large tracts of land converted mass tea production.

the chinese variety used sikkim, darjeeling tea, , assamese variety, clonal native assam, everywhere else. british started commercial tea plantations in india , in ceylon: in 1824 tea plants discovered in hills along frontier between burma , assam. british introduced tea culture india in 1836 , ceylon (sri lanka) in 1867. @ first used seeds china, later seeds clonal assam plant used. black tea produced until recent decades.

india top producer of tea century, displaced china top tea producer in 21st century. indian tea companies have acquired number of iconic foreign tea enterprises including british brands tetley , typhoo. while india largest consumer of tea worldwide, per-capita consumption of tea in india remains modest 750 grams per person every year. consumption of green tea has seen great upsurge across cities. average growth in consumption assumed on 50%. 1 estimate suggest market size has crossed on inr 1400crore , reach 6000 crore in next few years.

top station, 41 km (1 hour) munnar, aptly named, home of highest tea plantations in india. lies on state of kerala , commands panoramic view of rolling green hills.

a panoramic view of tea plantations in munnar, kerala, india.


iran

tea harvest in lahijan, iran

gilan in north of iran main production center of iranian tea. historically, lahijan first town in iran have tea plantations. mild weather, soil quality , fresh spring water, lahijan stands have largest area of tea cultivation in iran. lahijan spring tea best quality tea produced in country. tea cultivated @ other cities of gilan, example fuman , roudsar.

taiwan

tea plantation in taiwan

taiwan famous making of oolong tea , green tea, many western-styled teas. bubble tea or zhen zhu nai cha (mandarin: 珍珠奶茶) black tea mixed sweetened condensed milk , tapioca. since island known westerners many centuries formosa—short portuguese ilha formosa, or beautiful island —tea grown in taiwan identified name.

thailand

thai tea or cha-yen (thai: ชาเย็น) in thailand, drink made brewed black tea ( red tea in east asia). other ingredients may include added orange blossom water, star anise, crushed tamarind seed or red , yellow food coloring, , other spices well. tea sweetened sugar , condensed milk.

usually, thai people drink thai hot tea in morning, yau ja gwai (fried dough) or pa-tong-ko (thai: ปาท่องโก๋). varieties of thai tea include:

thai hot tea (thai: ชาร้อน, cha-ron) thai tea served hot.
dark thai hot tea (thai: ชาดำร้อน, cha-dam-ron) thai tea served hot no milk content, sweetened sugar only.
dark thai iced tea (thai: ชาดำเย็น, cha-dam-yen) thai tea served cold ice , without milk.

turkey


turkish tea

turkey traditionally 1 of largest tea markets in world. turkish black tea popular drink in turkey, more popular turkish coffee.

united kingdom


tea plantation in cameron highlands, malaysia

the first record of tea in english came letter written richard wickham, ran east india company office in japan, writing merchant in macao requesting best sort of chaw in 1615. peter mundy, traveller , merchant came across tea in fujian in 1637, wrote, chaa—only water kind of herb boiled in . in 1657, thomas garway, tobacconist , coffee-man first sell tea in london @ house in exchange alley, charging between 16 , 50 shillings per pound. same year, tea listed item in price list in london coffee house, , first advertisement tea appeared in 1658. on 25 september 1660 samuel pepys recorded in diary: did send cup of tee (a china drink) of never had drank before. probable imports smuggled via amsterdam or through sailors arriving on eastern boats. marriage of king charles ii in 1662 portuguese princess catherine of braganza brought tea drinking habit court. official trade of tea began in 1664 import of 2 pound 2 ounces presentation king, grew 24 million pounds year 1801.

regular trade began in canton (now guangzhou), controlled 2 monopolies: chinese cohong (trading companies) , british east india company. cohong acquired tea tea men had elaborate supply chain mountains , provinces tea grew.

the east india company brought many products, of tea one, proved 1 of successful. promoted medicinal beverage or tonic end of seventeenth century taken all-purpose drink, albeit elite, still expensive. tea not traded in significant amounts until 18th century. 1700 tea being sold grocers , tea shops in london, latter frequented women men. 1720s black tea overtook green tea in popularity price dropped, , on british drinkers began adding sugar , milk tea, practice not done in china. 1720s european maritime trade china dominated exchange of silver tea. prices continued drop, tea became increasingly popular, , 1750 had become british national drink.

the origin of large trade in tea need return cargo east indies. merchant ships delivered fabrics manufactured in britain india , china return empty or partially full. solve problem east india company began vigorous public relations campaign in england popularize tea among common people in britain , develop viable return cargo. fungus reduced ceylon s coffee production 95% in 19th century, cementing tea s popularity.

the escalation of tea importation , sales on period 1690 1750 mirrored closely increase in importation , sales of cane sugar: british not drinking tea sweet tea. thus, 2 of britain s trading triangles converged: sugar sourced britain s trading triangle encompassing britain, africa , west indies , tea triangle encompassing britain, india , china.

in china, qing dynasty qianlong emperor wrote king george iii in response macartney mission s request trade in 1793: our celestial empire possesses things in prolific abundance , lacks no product within borders. there therefore no need import manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange our own produce. tea had paid in silver bullion, , critics of tea trade @ time point damage caused britain s wealth loss of bullion. way generate silver needed payment tea, britain began exporting opium traditional growing regions of british india (in present-day pakistan , afghanistan) china. although opium use in china had long history, british importation of opium, began in late 18th century, increased fivefold between 1821 , 1837, , usage of drug became more widespread across chinese society. qing government attitude towards opium, ambivalent, hardened due social problems created drug use, , took serious measures curtail importation of opium in 1838–39. tea had become important source of tax revenue british empire , banning of opium trade , creation of funding issues tea importers 1 of main causes of first opium war.

while waging war on china 1 of britain s tactics, began explore, executed, plan use india growing tea. after tea plants smuggled out of china, plantations established in areas such darjeeling, assam, , ceylon. attempt circumvent dependence on chinese tea, east india company sent scottish botanist robert fortune china purchase , bring out of china tea plants, taken india, although discovery of native varieties of tea plant in india proved more important development of production there.

tea remained important item in britain s global trade, contributing in part britain s global dominance end of eighteenth century. day tea seen worldwide symbol of britishness , also, some, symbol of old british colonialism.

the london 2012 section of paralympic handover in beijing included tea part of routine. cup or mug of tea in britain made in different way common in china , other eastern countries. on 90% of tea consumed black tea, not small amount of milk , / or sugar added. tea used contained in tea bag. of 2009, uk can boast 1 commercial tea plantation planned. existing 1 lies in cornwall , owned tregothnan estate. 2015, lie in pembrokeshire, wales, owned pembrokeshire tea company.

united states

while coffee far more popular, hot brewed black tea enjoyed both meals , refreshment of population. similarly, iced tea consumed throughout. in southern states sweet tea, sweetened large amounts of sugar or artificial sweetener , chilled, fashion. outside south, sweet tea found, because of cultural migration , commercialization.

the drinking of tea in united states largely influenced passage of tea act , subsequent protest during american revolution. tea consumption sharply decreased in america during , after revolution, when many americans switched drinking tea drinking coffee, considering tea drinking unpatriotic.

the american specialty tea market quadrupled in years 1993 2008, being worth $6.8 billion year. similar trend of better coffee , better wines, tremendous increase partly due consumers choose trade up. specialty tea houses , retailers started pop during period.

canada

canadians big tea drinkers days of british colonisation until second world war, when began drinking more coffee american neighbors south. during 1990s, canadians begun purchase more specialty teas instead of coffee.

a commercial tea farm has opened on vancouver island in british columbia in 2010 , expects production start in 2015.

australia

the aboriginal australians drank infusion plant species leptospermum (a different plant tea plant or camellia sinensis). upon discovering australia, captain cook noticed aboriginal peoples drinking , called tea. today plant referred ti tree .

through colonisation british, tea introduced australia. in fact, tea aboard first fleet in 1788. tea large part of modern australian culture due british origins. australians drink tea , have afternoon tea , morning tea way british do. additionally, due australia s climate, tea able grown , produced in northern australia. in 2000, australia consumed 14,000 tonnes of tea annually. tea production in australia remains small , in northern new south wales , queensland. tea produced in australia black tea, although there small quantities of green tea produced in alpine valleys region of victoria.

in 1884, cutten brothers established first commercial tea plantation in australia in bingil bay in northern queensland. in 1883, alfred bushell opened first tea shop in australia in present-day queensland. in 1899, bushell s sons moved enterprise sydney , began selling tea commercially, founding australia s first commercial tea seller bushell s company.

sri lanka

tea garden in sri lanka

sri lanka renowned high quality tea , fourth biggest tea producing country globally, after china, india , kenya, , has production share of 9% in international sphere. total extent of land under tea cultivation has been assessed @ approximately 187,309 hectares.

the plantations started british taken on government in 1960s, have been privatized , run plantation companies own few estates or tea plantations each.

ceylon tea divided 3 groups upcountry, mid country , low country tea based on geography of land on grown.

africa , south america

africa , south america have seen increased tea production in recent decades, great majority export europe , north america respectively, produced on large estates, owned tea companies export markets. production of basic mass-market teas, processed crush, tear, curl method. kenya third largest global producer (figures below), after china , india, , largest exporter of tea united kingdom. there great consumption of tea in chile. in south africa, non-camellia sinensis beverage rooibos popular. in south america yerba mate popular infused beverage. european plantation chá gorreana, located in ribeira grande, são miguel island, azores (portugal).

in south america, tea production in brazil has strong roots due country s origins in portugal, strong presence of japanese immigrants , because of influences of neighbor s yerba mate culture. brazil had big tea production until 80s, has weakened in past decades. right now, there s few families trying reorganize tea production in registro, são paulo, facing strong competition against coffee companies.